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Conversion of biomembrane-produced energy into electric form. I. Submitochondrial particles

Conversion of biomembrane-produced energy into electric form. I. Submitochondrial particles

Conversion of biomembrane-produced energy into electric form. I. Submitochondrial particles

1970

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics

1970

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics

1970

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics

V. 216, № 1, 1-12

V. 216, № 1, 1-12

doi.org

Abstract

Abstract

АННОТАЦИЯ

АННОТАЦИЯ

The hypothesis of an electric membrane potential generated by respiration or ATP hydrolysis in submitochondrial particles has been verified. To this end a number of synthetic ions penetrating lipid membranes were used.

Penetrating anions of phenyl dicarbaundecaborane (PCB), tetraphenyl boron and picrate were shown to accumulate in sonicated submitochondrial particles in an energy-dependent manner. The process was inhibited by rotenone, antimycin and cyanide if supported by respiration, and by oligomycin, if ATP was used as the energy source. Uncouplers were inhibitory in both cases. The following oxidation reactions were found to support the energy-dependent accumulation of PCB: oxidation of NADH by oxygen or fumarate; oxidation of succinate or ascorbate by oxygen; oxidation of NADPH by NAD+. In the latter case, which is the reverse of the energy-requiring transhydrogenase reaction, ion transport was inhibited by NADH and NADP+ as well as by uncouplers. Oxidation of NADH by NADP+ in the energy-requiring transhydrogenase reaction was accompanied by an efflux of PCB anions which had accumulated during succinate oxidation. The redox ‘succinate-ferricyanide’ couple could not be used as a supply of energy for the accumulation of PCB

Particles deprived of the coupling factor F1 showed a decreased ability for respiration-dependent anion uptake, the process being stimulated by oligomycin. ATP-driven PCB accumulation was completely absent in F1-deprived particles but could be reconstituted after preincubation with F1.

The active accumulation of anions penetrating into particles was readily distinguished from passive anion absorption, since the latter did not require energy and could be demonstrated both in native particles and in those deprived of F1, as well as in phospholipid micelles. The energy-dependent accumulation of anions penetrating into submitochondrial particles was accompanied by alkalinization of the incubation medium. The efflux of ions upon the cessation of the energy supply induced acidification.

Anion accumulation was followed by the suppression of other energy-linked functions of submitochondrial particles. Under the same conditions the penetrating cations, dibenzyl dimethyl ammonium, tetrabutyl ammonium and triphenyl methyl phosphonium, did not affect either the pH of the medium or energy-linked functions.

It was concluded that a mechanism for ion accumulation in submitochondrial particles is specific for the sign of the charge but not for other features of the penetrating compounds. This mechanism operates in such a way that anions, but not cations, are pumped into the particle as if the process were supported by an electric field, orientated across the membrane, being positive inside the particles.

The hypothesis of an electric membrane potential generated by respiration or ATP hydrolysis in submitochondrial particles has been verified. To this end a number of synthetic ions penetrating lipid membranes were used.

Penetrating anions of phenyl dicarbaundecaborane (PCB), tetraphenyl boron and picrate were shown to accumulate in sonicated submitochondrial particles in an energy-dependent manner. The process was inhibited by rotenone, antimycin and cyanide if supported by respiration, and by oligomycin, if ATP was used as the energy source. Uncouplers were inhibitory in both cases. The following oxidation reactions were found to support the energy-dependent accumulation of PCB: oxidation of NADH by oxygen or fumarate; oxidation of succinate or ascorbate by oxygen; oxidation of NADPH by NAD+. In the latter case, which is the reverse of the energy-requiring transhydrogenase reaction, ion transport was inhibited by NADH and NADP+ as well as by uncouplers. Oxidation of NADH by NADP+ in the energy-requiring transhydrogenase reaction was accompanied by an efflux of PCB anions which had accumulated during succinate oxidation. The redox ‘succinate-ferricyanide’ couple could not be used as a supply of energy for the accumulation of PCB

Particles deprived of the coupling factor F1 showed a decreased ability for respiration-dependent anion uptake, the process being stimulated by oligomycin. ATP-driven PCB accumulation was completely absent in F1-deprived particles but could be reconstituted after preincubation with F1.

The active accumulation of anions penetrating into particles was readily distinguished from passive anion absorption, since the latter did not require energy and could be demonstrated both in native particles and in those deprived of F1, as well as in phospholipid micelles. The energy-dependent accumulation of anions penetrating into submitochondrial particles was accompanied by alkalinization of the incubation medium. The efflux of ions upon the cessation of the energy supply induced acidification.

Anion accumulation was followed by the suppression of other energy-linked functions of submitochondrial particles. Under the same conditions the penetrating cations, dibenzyl dimethyl ammonium, tetrabutyl ammonium and triphenyl methyl phosphonium, did not affect either the pH of the medium or energy-linked functions.

It was concluded that a mechanism for ion accumulation in submitochondrial particles is specific for the sign of the charge but not for other features of the penetrating compounds. This mechanism operates in such a way that anions, but not cations, are pumped into the particle as if the process were supported by an electric field, orientated across the membrane, being positive inside the particles.

chaimatics

Chaimatics

Discovery of links between the biology, physics and mathematics, and founding a new area of studies focused on computations in living systems are his life achievements. Efim Liberman gave the name of “Chaimatics” to this new area of science

I

DNA is the text of a code written for molecular computers of living cells. The notion of “Text” is intrinsically opposite to a random sequence of symbols, and it can exist only inside the system of language. In this case, it is a genetic language, which is isomorphic to a natural language

II

Computations conducted in a living cell are real physical actions, and free energy and time must be spent for completing them. As all living organisms are comprised of cells, this statement is applicable to any control processes implemented in the biosphere

III

Molecular computations are limited by the microscopic scale of a cell and inevitable impact of the computations on formulation of a problem begin solved. The Chaimatics grew from the recognition of the computation reality as the quantum mechanics grew from the recognition of the measurement reality.

IV

A cell creates а quantum computing tool for solving complex problems. This tool utilizes hypersound quanta, and uses the cell cytoskeleton as the computing environment. In such a computer, a price of elementary computation converges to the physical limit, which is Planck’s constant

Chaimatic's statements are simple, but they require a change in the traditional vision, rooted in scientific practice

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Chapter I

The journey of life in science

chaimatics

хаиматика

хаиматика

Итогом жизни в науке стало установление связей между биологией, физикой, математикой и новая область исследования, посвященная вычислениям в живых системах. Ефим Либерман дал имя новой науке: «Хаиматика»

I

ДНК – это текст программы для молекулярных компьютеров клеток. «Текст» по определению не случайная последовательность знаков и может существовать только внутри языковой системы. В данном случае это генетический язык, изоморфный естественному языку

II

Вычисление в живой клетке является реальным физическим действием и требует затрат свободной энергии и времени. Поскольку все живые организмы состоят из клеток, это относится ко всему управлению, которое осуществляется в биосфере

III

Молекулярные вычисления ограничены микроскопическим объемом клетки и принципиальной возможностью влияния вычисления на условия решаемой задачи: квантовая механика возникла из осознания реальности измерения, Хаиматика - из реальности вычисления

IV

Для решения сложных задач клетка создает устройство квантового вычисления, использующего кванты гиперзвука и клеточный цитоскелет, как вычисляющую среду. Цена вычисления в таком компьютере стремится к физическому пределу – постоянной Планка

Утверждения Хаиматики просты, но они требуют изменения традиционных представлений, принятых в научной практике

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Глава I

Как все начиналось

хаиматика