18
Today, schoolchildren are taught physical concepts about our real world, which were outdated long ago, and are forced to solve useless problems. Modern physics should not be taught also as it assumes that the past determines the future, i.e., there is no control at all. This contradicts mathematics, which is the science of control but, at the same time, mathematics erroneously claims that human control is unlimited. Chaimatics is the new science, which is verified by experiments and integrates biology, physics and mathematics.
I hope that it will help to eliminate defects of modern education based on the old godless science that always served the war. These defects are dangerous for Israel and humankind.
In the past century, physicists and mathematicians successfully studied the living cell design. It seemed that there is no end in sight to these successes, and many scientists still hold this view. In this text written for school teachers and schoolchildren, professors and students, I give an account of our participation in this of party of biophysics and development of Chaimatics. We discovered information coding in nerve fibers, determined the role of Са++ in synaptic transmission, experimentally confirmed chemoelectrical mechanism of bioenergetics, and understood that DNA is a program for molecular computers of cells rather than a set of genes. Studying these computers located inside neurons, we recognized that not only the influence of the measurement (which lead to quantum mechanics) but also the influence of the computation on a problem being solved by a living cell or a living creature is essential for solving tasks inside the living cells.
However, the molecular computer of neurons is slow and, maybe, unsuitable for timely solving such complex problems. It was assumed that a molecular computer creates a molecular quantum regulator, which uses cytoskeleton as a computing medium. This regulator is a quantum one because it uses phonons of hypersound generated by the input ion channels. Similarly to an analog computer, the quantum regulator solves complex problems during the period when hypersound crosses the cell.
The new science, Chaimatics, was necessary to describe such a regulator. The main idea of Chaimatics is very simple. Max Planck (Planck, 1901) discovered that the minimum action h exists.
Therefore, not only the measurement but also the computation is not free, and spending energy and time is required. The first principle of Chaimatics, which is the principle of the minimum cost of action spent for the measurement and the computation, supersedes now the physical principle of the least action for description of live beings. Here actually operating texts of DNA programs written for molecular computers substitute theoretical physics formulae (Einstein, 1965a). It turned out that the idols of the space and the time created by physics are, indeed, the measurement procedures (Liberman, 1972).
19
The experiments, which proved that the brain processes information inside neurons, are discussed in the preceding sections of this paper. We discovered output ion channels of the neuron body.
The computing medium of the neuron solves problems. When the problem is solved, the output channels cause generation of the code of neural electric pulses in the axon. This code either lets the next neuron know which problem to solve or informs the muscle fiber how to contract. We were able to confirm that the cytoskeleton is a computing medium of a neuron. Experiments, which demonstrated fish neuron cytoskeleton changes during rotation, proved, in addition to the principle of the minimum cost of action for the measurement and the calculation, also a principle of optimality, which supersedes Albert Einstein’s general relativity theory (Einstein, 1966). In contrast to statistics, which is customary for biologists, all our experiments are always reproducible similarly to the fundamental physical experiments. According to the third principle of Chaimatics, irreversibility of the laws of thermodynamics is relevant to influence of the measurements and the computations. According to the fourth principle, a decision of control systems is the cause of regular events.
In Chaimatics, there is no uncertainty that was elevated to a principle by quantum mechanics theoreticians. The maximum possible certainty of the structure and the behavior is achieved in the world of living beings due to the existence of quantum properties. Designs of other experiments are proposed for direct verification of the Chaimatics principles.
Successes on the way to Chaimatics are irrelevant to my hard work or talent. Indeed, these traits were inherent to my relatives and friends who lived next to me. In contrast, I was just pushed by external circumstances as it is demonstrated in this book.
REFERENCES
1
Adrian, E.D, 1912. On the conduction of subnormal disturbances in normal nerve. J. Physiol. 45, 389-412.
doi.org
2
Babakov, A.V., Ermishkin, L.N., Liberman, E.A., 1966. Influence of electric field on the capacity of phospholipid membranes. Nature 210, 953-955.
Go to publication
doi.org
3
Blioch, Z.L., Glagoleva, I.M., Liberman, E.A., Nenashev, V.A., 1968. A study of the mechanism of quantal transmitter release at a chemical synapse. J. Physiol. 199, 11-35.
Go to publication
doi.org
4
Cheney, R.E., O'Shea, M.K., Heuser, J.E., Coelho, M.V., Wolenski, J.S., Espreafico, E.M., Forscher, P., Larson, R.E., Mooseker, M.S., 1993. Brain myosin-V is a two-headed unconventional myosin with motor activity. Cell 75, 13-23.
doi.org
5
Conrad, M., Liberman, E.A., 1982. Molecular computing as a link between biological and physical theory. J. Theor. Biol. 98, 239-252.
Go to publication
doi.org
6
Darwin, Ch., 1948. Collected Works. Biomedgiz, Ac. Sci. USSR, Moscow.
7
Davies, P., 1982. The accidental universe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
8
Drachev, L.A., Jasaitis, A.A., Kaulen, A.D., Kondrashin, A.A., Liberman, E.A., Nemecek, I.B., Ostroumov, S.A., Semenov A.Yu., Skulachev, V.P., 1974. Direct measurement of electric current generation by cytochrome oxidase, H+-ATPase and bacteriorhodopsin. Nature 249,
321-324.
Go to publication
doi.org
9
Einstein, A., 1965a. Collected scientific works, Vol. 1. Nauka, Moscow (in Russian), 7-35.
10
Einstein, A., 1965b. Collected scientific works, Vol. 1. Nauka, Moscow (in Russian), 319-398.
11
Einstein, A., 1966. Collected scientific works, Vol. 3. Nauka, Moscow (in Russian), 128-133
12
Fatt, P., Katz, B., 1952. Spontaneous subthreshold activity at motor nerve endings. 117, 109-128.
doi.org
13
Feynman, R.P., Hibbs, A.R., 1965. Quantum mechanics in trajectory integrals. McGrow-Hill Book Company, New-York.
14
Glagoleva, I.M., Liberman, E.A., Khashaev, Z.Kh., 1970. Effect of uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation on the release of acetylcholine from nerve endings. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology. 4, 115-121.
Go to publication
15
Grinius, L.L., Jasaitis, A.A., Kadziauskas, Yu.P., Liberman, E.A., Skulachev, V.P., Topaly, V.P., Tsofina, L.M., Vladimirova, M.A., 1970. Conversion of biomembrane-produced energy into electric form. I. Submitichondrial particles. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 216, 1-12.
Go to publication
doi.org
16
Grunberg-Manago, M., Ortiz, P.J., Ochoa, A. S., 1956. Enzymic synthesis of polynucleotides. I. Polynucleotide phosphorylase of azotobacter vinelandii. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 20, 269-285.
doi.org
17
Hodgkin A.L., 1937. Evidence for electrical transmission in nerve. J.Physiol. 90, 211-232.
doi.org
18
Hubel, D.H., Wiesel, T.N., 1959. Receptive fields of single neurons in the cat’s striate cortex. J.Physiol. 148, 574-591.
doi.org
19
Isaev, P.I., Liberman, E.A., Samuilov, V.D., Skulachev, V.P., Tsofina, L.M., 1970. Conversion of biomembrane-produced energy into electric form. III. Chromatophores of Rhodospirillum rubrum. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 216, 22-29.
Go to publication
doi.org
20
Lackner, J.R., DiZio, P., 2000. Human orientation and movement control in weightless and artificial gravity environments. Exp. Brain Res. 130, 2-26.
21
Liberman, E.A., 1957. On the character of information entering the brain of a frog over one nerve fiber from two receptors of the retina. Biofizika (in Russian) 2, 427-430.
Go to publication
22
Liberman, E.A., 1961. Elementary theory of the semipermeable membranes and the "phase" theory of biological potentials. Biofizika (in Russian) 6, 2, 177-186.
Go to publication
23
Liberman, E.A., Topaly, V.P., 1968. Selective transport of ions through bimolecular phospholipid membranes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 163, 125-136.
Go to publication
doi.org
24
Liberman, E.A., Tsofina, L.M., 1969. Active transport of penetrating ions by mitochondria fragments and photophosphorylating bacteria. Biophysics 14, 6, 1069-1076.
Go to publication
25
Liberman, E.A., Topaly, V.P., Tsofina, L.M., Jasaitis, A.A., Skulachev, V.P., 1969. Mechanism of coupling of oxidative phosphorylation and the membrane potential of mitochondria. Nature 222 (5198), 1076-1078.
Go to publication
doi.org
26
Liberman, E.A., Topaly, V.P., 1969. Permeability of biomolecular phospholipid membranes to lipid-soluble ions. Biofizika (in Russian) 14, 452-461.
Go to publication
27
Liberman, E.A., 1972. The cell as a molecular computer (m.c.) - I. General ideas and hypotheses. Biophysics 17, 5, 979-993.
Go to publication
28
Liberman, E.A., Minina, S.V., Golubtsov, K.V., 1975. Study of the metabolic synapase. - I. Effect of intracellular microinjection of 3',5'-AMP. Biophysics 20, 3, 457-463.
Go to publication
29
Liberman, E.A., Minina, S.V., Golubtsov, K.V., 1977. Study of metabolic synapase. II. Comparison of cyclic 3',5'-AMP and cyclic 3',5'-GMP effects. Biofizika (in Russian) 22, 75-81.
Go to publication
30
Liberman, E.A., Minina, S.V., Shklovskiy-Kordi, N.E., Conrad, M., 1982. Change of mechanical parameters as a possible means for information processing by the neuron. Biofizika (in Russian) 27, 863-870.
Go to publication
31
Liberman, E.A., 1983. A limiting molecular quantum regulator. Biophysics 28, 1, 197-201.
Go to publication
32
Liberman, E.A., Minina, S.V., Mjakotina, O.L., Shklovskiy-Kordy, N.E., Conrad, M., 1985. Neuron generator potentials evoked by intracellular injection of cyclic nucleotides and mechanical distension. Brain Res. 338, 1, 33-44.
Go to publication
doi.org
33
Liberman, E.A., Minina, S.V., Shklovskiy-Kordi, N.E., 1989. Quantum molecular computer model of the neuron and a pathway to the union of the sciences. Biosystems 22, 135-154.
Go to publication
doi.org
34
Liberman, E.A., Minina, S.V., Moshkov, D.A., Santalova, I.M., Chistopolskiy, I.A., Shklovskiy-Kordi, N.E., 2008. Experimental testing of the role of cytoskeleton in the solution by neurons of problems facing the brain. Biochemistry 73, 4, 479-482.
Go to publication
doi.org
35
Markin, V. S., Krishtalik, L. I., Liberman, E.A., Topaly, V.P., 1969. On conductive mechanism of synthetic phospholipid membranes in the presence of ion carrier. Biofizika (in Russian) 14, 2, 256-264.
Go to publication
36
Minina, S.V., Myakotina, O.L., Avdonin, V.B., Liberman, E.A., 1991. Mechanical influence and cAMP injection evoke the same reaction of neuron ionic channels. FEBS Letters. 289, 224-226.
Go to publication
doi.org
37
Minina, S.V., Liberman, E.A., 1990. Input and output ionic channels of quantum biocomputer. Biofizika (in Russian) 35, 1, 132-136.
Go to publication
38
Mitchell, P., 1961. Coupling of phosphorylation to electron and hydrogen transfer by a chemiosmotic type of mechanism. Nature 191, 144-148.
doi.org
39
Planck M., 1901. Ueber das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum. Ann.d. Phys. 4, 553.
doi.org
40
Watson, J.D., Crick, F.H., 1953. Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature 171 (4356), 737-738.
doi.org
41
Weinzweig, M.N., Liberman E.A., 1973. Molecular computer. II. Formal description (the system of operators). Biophysics 18, 5, 1003-1006.
doi.org
chaimatics
Chaimatics
Discovery of links between the biology, physics and mathematics, and founding a new area of studies focused on computations in living systems are his life achievements. Efim Liberman gave the name of “Chaimatics” to this new area of science
I
DNA is the text of a code written for molecular computers of living cells. The notion of “Text” is intrinsically opposite to a random sequence of symbols, and it can exist only inside the system of language. In this case, it is a genetic language, which is isomorphic to a natural language
II
Computations conducted in a living cell are real physical actions, and free energy and time must be spent for completing them. As all living organisms are comprised of cells, this statement is applicable to any control processes implemented in the biosphere
III
Molecular computations are limited by the microscopic scale of a cell and inevitable impact of the computations on formulation of a problem begin solved. The Chaimatics grew from the recognition of the computation reality as the quantum mechanics grew from the recognition of the measurement reality.
IV
A cell creates а quantum computing tool for solving complex problems. This tool utilizes hypersound quanta, and uses the cell cytoskeleton as the computing environment. In such a computer, a price of elementary computation converges to the physical limit, which is Planck’s constant
Chaimatic's statements are simple, but they require a change in the traditional vision, rooted in scientific practice
Read a book
Chapter I
The journey of life in science
chaimatics