Publications
ПУБЛИКАЦИИ
Analog-digital molecular cell computer
Analog-digital molecular cell computer
1979
BioSystems
1979
1979
BioSystems
V.11, №2-3, 111-124
V.11, №2-3, 111-124
doi.org
Abstract
Abstract
АННОТАЦИЯ
АННОТАЦИЯ
The living cell is controlled by a molecular stochastic computer of parallel-successive action. MCC may be equivalent to the universal computer. MCC operates with molecule-words (DNA, RNA, proteins) according to the programme recorded in DNA and RNA. Operations are produced by molecular devices (RNA- and DNA-polymerases, ligases, proteinases and so on).
Molecular devices operating with molecule-words are recorded on molecules themselves, and they are read off by ribosomes. Therefore the programme of the reorganization of the programme itself may be recorded on the molecule-words. MCC operates with molecular words having definite addresses. The words and the operators collide by Brownian movement and combine if the molecular surface of address segment is complementary and properly oriented. It is possible to reproduce not only the programmes but also the operators of MCC. The molecular computer operates with word-molecules according to the programme, recorded in DNA, with the aim of predicting an outer situation in the next time-moment and selecting of a correct answer by synthesis of suitable proteins and other substances and also by macroscopic motion. Each step of directed calculation is needed of the consumption of minimally necessary portion of free energy and search is due to the Brownian movement without free energy loss. Cyclic nucleotides are intraneuron membrane potential controlling systems which can be described as molecular diffusional analog computers, well fitted to solve mathematical physics equations if there are high frequency generators and regulators of cyclic nucleotides sources and sinks. It is suggested that molecular proton channels in an electric field are such generators of 1011–1012 Hz.
Biophysics cannot use the ordinary laws of physics and must take into account the influence on the phenomena to be studied, not only of a measurement but also of a calculation process in the real device predicting the future.
The living cell is controlled by a molecular stochastic computer of parallel-successive action. MCC may be equivalent to the universal computer. MCC operates with molecule-words (DNA, RNA, proteins) according to the programme recorded in DNA and RNA. Operations are produced by molecular devices (RNA- and DNA-polymerases, ligases, proteinases and so on).
Molecular devices operating with molecule-words are recorded on molecules themselves, and they are read off by ribosomes. Therefore the programme of the reorganization of the programme itself may be recorded on the molecule-words. MCC operates with molecular words having definite addresses. The words and the operators collide by Brownian movement and combine if the molecular surface of address segment is complementary and properly oriented. It is possible to reproduce not only the programmes but also the operators of MCC. The molecular computer operates with word-molecules according to the programme, recorded in DNA, with the aim of predicting an outer situation in the next time-moment and selecting of a correct answer by synthesis of suitable proteins and other substances and also by macroscopic motion. Each step of directed calculation is needed of the consumption of minimally necessary portion of free energy and search is due to the Brownian movement without free energy loss. Cyclic nucleotides are intraneuron membrane potential controlling systems which can be described as molecular diffusional analog computers, well fitted to solve mathematical physics equations if there are high frequency generators and regulators of cyclic nucleotides sources and sinks. It is suggested that molecular proton channels in an electric field are such generators of 1011–1012 Hz.
Biophysics cannot use the ordinary laws of physics and must take into account the influence on the phenomena to be studied, not only of a measurement but also of a calculation process in the real device predicting the future.
chaimatics
Chaimatics
Discovery of links between the biology, physics and mathematics, and founding a new area of studies focused on computations in living systems are his life achievements. Efim Liberman gave the name of “Chaimatics” to this new area of science
I
DNA is the text of a code written for molecular computers of living cells. The notion of “Text” is intrinsically opposite to a random sequence of symbols, and it can exist only inside the system of language. In this case, it is a genetic language, which is isomorphic to a natural language
II
Computations conducted in a living cell are real physical actions, and free energy and time must be spent for completing them. As all living organisms are comprised of cells, this statement is applicable to any control processes implemented in the biosphere
III
Molecular computations are limited by the microscopic scale of a cell and inevitable impact of the computations on formulation of a problem begin solved. The Chaimatics grew from the recognition of the computation reality as the quantum mechanics grew from the recognition of the measurement reality.
IV
A cell creates а quantum computing tool for solving complex problems. This tool utilizes hypersound quanta, and uses the cell cytoskeleton as the computing environment. In such a computer, a price of elementary computation converges to the physical limit, which is Planck’s constant
Chaimatic's statements are simple, but they require a change in the traditional vision, rooted in scientific practice
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Chapter I
The journey of life in science
chaimatics
хаиматика
хаиматика
Итогом жизни в науке стало установление связей между биологией, физикой, математикой и новая область исследования, посвященная вычислениям в живых системах. Ефим Либерман дал имя новой науке: «Хаиматика»
I
ДНК – это текст программы для молекулярных компьютеров клеток. «Текст» по определению не случайная последовательность знаков и может существовать только внутри языковой системы. В данном случае это генетический язык, изоморфный естественному языку
II
Вычисление в живой клетке является реальным физическим действием и требует затрат свободной энергии и времени. Поскольку все живые организмы состоят из клеток, это относится ко всему управлению, которое осуществляется в биосфере
III
Молекулярные вычисления ограничены микроскопическим объемом клетки и принципиальной возможностью влияния вычисления на условия решаемой задачи: квантовая механика возникла из осознания реальности измерения, Хаиматика - из реальности вычисления
IV
Для решения сложных задач клетка создает устройство квантового вычисления, использующего кванты гиперзвука и клеточный цитоскелет, как вычисляющую среду. Цена вычисления в таком компьютере стремится к физическому пределу – постоянной Планка
Утверждения Хаиматики просты, но они требуют изменения традиционных представлений, принятых в научной практике
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Глава I
Как все начиналось
хаиматика