Publications
ПУБЛИКАЦИИ
Membrane potential difference of subcellular particles - III. Proton channels In oxidative photophosphorylation
Membrane potential difference of subcellular particles - III. Proton channels In oxidative photophosphorylation
1977
Biophysics
1977
1977
Biophysics
V. 22, № 2, 253-260
V. 22, № 2, 253-260
Abstract
Abstract
АННОТАЦИЯ
АННОТАЦИЯ
Photoelectrochemical hypothesis of cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation assumes that the electrons knocked out by light from the reaction centre come back through the chain of carriers located in the hydrophobic part of the membrane drawing H+ ions through the inlet H+ channel; H+ and the electrons are transmitted to the quinones or semiquinones which are converted into semiquinones and hydroquinones. The latter release H+ into the outlet channels. The second photosystem, through the primary donor takes an electron from H20 and releases H+ into the proton channels while the oX,idases receiving an electron draw out H+ and transmit them together with the electron to oxygen. A method of direct verification of the chemielectrical hypothesis is described.
Photoelectrochemical hypothesis of cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation assumes that the electrons knocked out by light from the reaction centre come back through the chain of carriers located in the hydrophobic part of the membrane drawing H+ ions through the inlet H+ channel; H+ and the electrons are transmitted to the quinones or semiquinones which are converted into semiquinones and hydroquinones. The latter release H+ into the outlet channels. The second photosystem, through the primary donor takes an electron from H20 and releases H+ into the proton channels while the oX,idases receiving an electron draw out H+ and transmit them together with the electron to oxygen. A method of direct verification of the chemielectrical hypothesis is described.
chaimatics
Chaimatics
Discovery of links between the biology, physics and mathematics, and founding a new area of studies focused on computations in living systems are his life achievements. Efim Liberman gave the name of “Chaimatics” to this new area of science
I
DNA is the text of a code written for molecular computers of living cells. The notion of “Text” is intrinsically opposite to a random sequence of symbols, and it can exist only inside the system of language. In this case, it is a genetic language, which is isomorphic to a natural language
II
Computations conducted in a living cell are real physical actions, and free energy and time must be spent for completing them. As all living organisms are comprised of cells, this statement is applicable to any control processes implemented in the biosphere
III
Molecular computations are limited by the microscopic scale of a cell and inevitable impact of the computations on formulation of a problem begin solved. The Chaimatics grew from the recognition of the computation reality as the quantum mechanics grew from the recognition of the measurement reality.
IV
A cell creates а quantum computing tool for solving complex problems. This tool utilizes hypersound quanta, and uses the cell cytoskeleton as the computing environment. In such a computer, a price of elementary computation converges to the physical limit, which is Planck’s constant
Chaimatic's statements are simple, but they require a change in the traditional vision, rooted in scientific practice
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Chapter I
The journey of life in science
chaimatics
хаиматика
хаиматика
Итогом жизни в науке стало установление связей между биологией, физикой, математикой и новая область исследования, посвященная вычислениям в живых системах. Ефим Либерман дал имя новой науке: «Хаиматика»
I
ДНК – это текст программы для молекулярных компьютеров клеток. «Текст» по определению не случайная последовательность знаков и может существовать только внутри языковой системы. В данном случае это генетический язык, изоморфный естественному языку
II
Вычисление в живой клетке является реальным физическим действием и требует затрат свободной энергии и времени. Поскольку все живые организмы состоят из клеток, это относится ко всему управлению, которое осуществляется в биосфере
III
Молекулярные вычисления ограничены микроскопическим объемом клетки и принципиальной возможностью влияния вычисления на условия решаемой задачи: квантовая механика возникла из осознания реальности измерения, Хаиматика - из реальности вычисления
IV
Для решения сложных задач клетка создает устройство квантового вычисления, использующего кванты гиперзвука и клеточный цитоскелет, как вычисляющую среду. Цена вычисления в таком компьютере стремится к физическому пределу – постоянной Планка
Утверждения Хаиматики просты, но они требуют изменения традиционных представлений, принятых в научной практике
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Глава I
Как все начиналось
хаиматика